Building the Babel with Knowledge

This review examines the framework, evolution and major debates of securitization theory in contemporary security studies. It revisits the Copenhagen School’s formulation of securitization as a process through which issues are constructed as existential threats and legitimized through audience acceptance. The review then discusses subsequent revisions, particularly the Paris School’s emphasis on field, expertise, and institutional settings, highlighting a broader shift from discourse to practice in securitization research. It further identifies several unresolved questions concerning the assessment of securitizing moves, the role of actors’ interests, and the relationship between institutions and security practices. By tracing these foundational literature, the review reflects on the conceptual boundaries of securitization theory and identifies key challenges for its further development.

(1) Purpose: Despite growing interest in AR/VR technologies for protected areas, systematic understanding of how they support ecological conservation remains limited. This study reviews the applications of AR/VR in national parks, examining the mechanisms through which these technologies influence tourist cognition and behavior to support conservation objectives. 
(2) Methods: A systematic review was conducted on 29 peer-reviewed studies (2014–2024) from Web of Science, ProQuest, and Scopus. Studies were screened based on their focus on AR/VR applications in national parks and related conservation outcomes.
(3) Results: AR/VR technologies operate via three core mechanisms—substitution, enhancement, and guidance—allowing virtual access to sensitive areas, enriching ecological interpretation, and directing tourist flow. Applications were categorized into four functional types: educational, navigational, conservation-oriented, and entertainment-oriented. Conservation-oriented functions, including substitute visitation and ecological impact simulations, most directly advance park management and protection goals. Effective implementation requires aligning technological interventions with ecological context, tourist functions, and management zoning. 
(4) Conclusion: AR/VR technologies offer practical tools for balancing tourist engagement and ecological protection in national parks. Future research should focus on long-term ecological impacts, empirical validation of conservation outcomes, and context-specific adaptation, supporting the transition from conceptual exploration to tangible environmental benefits.

In parallel to intellectual factors, the emotional adaptation has become a topic worth exploring for turnover of newly recruited servants. A qualitative study was conducted, based on field research in townships in central China. Data from semi-structured interviews and participant observation were analyzed thematically introducing the Theory of Emotional Regime as a novel lens. This paper defines emotional adaptation as an acquired practice of diverse emotional regimes in a specific occupational field. The emotional adaptation of young civil servants is an acquired capability to navigate and switch between bureaucratic and rural emotional regimes embedded in their work. We identify a three-stage adaptation process: initial acceptance, active utilization for task completion, and strategic employment to mitigate discomfort. The analysis demonstrates how this adaptation functions to foster cultural identity acquisition, establish personal charisma, and secure job support. This research advances the study of civil servant adaptation in China by shifting focus from generalized stress to a practice-based negotiation of institutional and local affective logics, offering new insights for personnel management and training in grassroots governance.

Against the backdrop of the comprehensive promotion of the rural revitalization strategy, Social Work Service Stations emerge as a new governance force capable of leveraging their professional expertise to enhance people’s livelihood security and foster community vitality. However, the development of rural social work stations within the realm of rural governance is a dynamic process involving interaction and cooperation among multiple stakeholders. This interplay of forces presents several challenges for rural social work stations, such as aligning with administrative systems while avoiding over-reliance, ensuring continuous professional development, addressing insufficient resident participation due to weak interest relationships, and overcoming difficulties in cultivating rural social workers. Consequently, the prospect of constructing a “rural governance symbiosis system” emerges, which entails fostering collaborative relationships among various stakeholders, maintaining a symbiotic mode of operation and creating symbiotic spaces. This transformative approach enables rural social work stations to shift from mere “embedding” into full “integration”.